CENTRALIZATION AND DECENTRALIZATION
The terms centralisation and decentralisation, however, are used to give various connotations. The semantic variations range from administrative, physical and functional centralisation to decentralisation.
At the same time, decentralisation is taken to mean separation of facilities, a type of organisation structure, and delegation of decision-making power. Its more common use in management literature, however, shows extent of delegation of authority. Thus, centralisation can be defined as the delegation of authority to the lowest levels of management.
Centralisation and decentralisation describe the manner in which decision-making responsibilities are divided among managers at different levels of managerial hierarchy. Decentralisation is different from delegation of authority. Delegation simply refers to the entrustment of responsibility and authority from one individual to another, decentralisation refers to the systematic delegation of authority in an organisation-wide context. Thus delegation is said to be the process and decentralisation as the result of process. There can neither be absolute centralisation nor absolute decentralisation. The concepts of centralisation and decentralisation are nor absolute decentralisation. The concepts of centralisation an decentralisation are two extreme points in matters of distributing authority in the organisation structure, and in between these two points, there may be a continuum of authority distribution.
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
The concept of conflict, being an outcome of behaviors, is an integral part of human life. Wherever there is interaction there is conflict. Conflict can be defined as a disagreement between two or more individuals or groups, with each individual or group trying to gain acceptance of its view or objectives over others. Because people differ in their attitudes, values and goals, conflict among them becomes unavoidable. Accordingly, the management is concerned not so much with eliminating conflict which would be impossible, but to contain ti and manage it for organizational and individual benefit.
The personal conflict is more emotional in nature and reflects feelings, anger, distrust, fear, resentment, clash impersonality, antagonism, tension etc. The organizational conflict, on the other hand, involves disagreements on such factors as allocation of resources, nature of goals and objectives, organizational policies and procedures, nature of assignments and distribution of rewards. This conflict at its worst can lead to unnecessary stress, blockage in communication, lack of cooperation, increased sense of distrust an suspicion and this results in lost friendships and reduced organizational effectiveness.
Conflict has always been considered as undesirable so that is should be avoided when possible and resolved soon if it occurs Both the management school an the administrative school of management relied heavily on developing such organizational structures that would specify tasks, rules, regulations, procedures, authority relationships etc., so that any conflict can be avoided and if there is a conflict then such built-in rules and regulations would identify and correct problems of conflict. The Human Relations School subscribed to similar theory that conflict is avoidable by creating an environment of good will and trust. According to William R.Scott, good human relations can prevent conflicts, whether they are between individual and organizational objectives, between line and staff personnel, between one's ability an authority etc.
The modern management view is not so negative about conflict. It believes that conflict can be helpful and constructive if handled properly. As a matter of fact, moderate level of conflict is helpful in such organizations as Research and Development firms, advertising agencies, public policy groups etc.
Books by AeroSoft
Books
P - Productivity S - Speed R - Relevancy
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 22,870 words. Language: English. Published on August 23, 2013. Category: Essay.
How to Take Off Your Professional Career from an Average to Exceptional with the Hidden PSR in You. A Book By working CEO and Manager with Day to day and live Examples How to Fight with Global Recession. By Shekhar Gupta Surbhi Maheshwari
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 22,870 words. Language: English. Published on August 23, 2013. Category: Essay.
How to Take Off Your Professional Career from an Average to Exceptional with the Hidden PSR in You. A Book By working CEO and Manager with Day to day and live Examples How to Fight with Global Recession. By Shekhar Gupta Surbhi Maheshwari
Published: Aug. 23, 2013
Words: 22,870 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301432448
Words: 22,870 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301432448
Be an Aviator Not a Pilot is a story of Pilots in Aviation who are unable to cope. This is not a book to teach you how to get into an Aviation School or even how to live like a Pilot. In fact, it describes how one can become a Successfull Aviator not just an Airplane Driver [ So called Pilot ] with very small changes in life. Also Why abroad trained Pilots are better Aviator and Why FAA, CASA, CAAP, CAA are better civil Aviation Authority then DGCA.
by
Shekhar Gupta
Ankisha Awasthi
Be An Aviator not A Pilot
Price: $1.99 USD. Approx. 4,750 words. Language: English. Published on July 24, 2013. Category: Fiction. As A Fact Out Of Every 1000 Pilots Only 1 Pilot Becomes An Airline Pilot, The Book Is All About Those 999 Pilots Only.
Price: $1.99 USD. Approx. 4,750 words. Language: English. Published on July 24, 2013. Category: Fiction. As A Fact Out Of Every 1000 Pilots Only 1 Pilot Becomes An Airline Pilot, The Book Is All About Those 999 Pilots Only.
Pilot’s Career Guide
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 25,040 words. Language: English. Published on July 13, 2013. Category: Nonfiction.
International Airline Pilot’s Career Guide Learn Step By Step How to Become an International Airlines Pilot By Shekhar Gupta And Niriha Khajanchi
Price: $20.00 USD. Approx. 25,040 words. Language: English. Published on July 13, 2013. Category: Nonfiction.
International Airline Pilot’s Career Guide Learn Step By Step How to Become an International Airlines Pilot By Shekhar Gupta And Niriha Khajanchi
Cabin Crew Career Guide
Published: Aug. 26, 2013
Words: 2,160 (approximate)
Language: English
ISBN: 9781301001965
An Indo - Canada Aviation Joint Venture
Stop Dreaming ......
... Start Flying
Lets Make Mission Possible
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AEROSOFTSEO
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